“The Way of Ruling a State”: Tokugawa Japan and Bureaucratic Elites
Discussion of how Tokugawa Japan encouraged samurai to also become civil officials
During the early modern era, states worldwide developed professionalized bureaucracies and armies. Each state did so a little differently. In China, the examination system had existed for centuries and was one of the most famous methods for recruiting bureaucrats. Despite its proximity to China, Tokugawa Japan adopted a different model.
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